on the cogito, the thinking thing
Having carried out his radical doubting of
everything, Descartes seeks out one point which may be
seen as being certain.
"I shall proceed by setting aside all
that in which the least doubt could be supposed to
exist. I suppose, then, that all the things that I
see are false; I persuade myself that nothing has
ever existed of all that my fallacious memory
represents to me. I consider that I possess no
senses; I imagine that body, figure, extension,
movement and place are but the fictions of my mind.
What then can be esteemed as true? I was persuaded
that there was nothing in all the world. Was I not
then likewise persuaded that I did not exist? Not at
all; of a surety I myself did exist because I
persuaded myself of something. But [if] there is some
deceiver or other, very powerful and very cunning,
who ever employs his ingenuity in deceiving me, then
without doubt I exist also if he deceives me, and let
him deceive me as much as he will, he can never cause
me to be nothing so long as I think I am something. I
am, I exist, is necessarily true each time I
pronounce it, or that I mentally conceive it."
What attributes can Descartes have without
requiring a body in which he can have no certainty?
Obviously not any of the movements or sensations of
bodies, but
"What of thinking? I find here that
thought is an attribute that belongs to me; it alone
cannot be separated from me. I am, I exist, that is
certain. But what [kind of] thing [am I]?...a thing
which thinks."
But what of these other 'uncertain' things?
Bodies and sensations and the like.
"...solely by the faculty of
judgement which rests in my mind, [do] I comprehend
that which I believed I saw with my eyes. [Whatever]
error may still be found in my judgement, I can
nevertheless not perceive it thus without a human
mind. Bodies are not, properly speaking, known by the
senses or by the faculty of imagination, but by the
understanding only, and since they are not known from
the fact that they are seen or touched, but only
because they are understood, I see clearly that there
is nothing which is easier for me to know than my
mind." Descartes: Meditations
on the First Philosophy.
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